Effect of Reducing Agents on the Growth of Magnetospirilla

Impact of Reducing Agents on the Growth of Magnetospirilla Shubhashri Chakraborthy, Pauline Shekina, Upasana Dey and Suthindhiran Krish Theoretical: Magnetotactic Bacteria are an intriguing gathering of microorganisms. Magnetospirilla is a microaerophilic bacterium. The impact of lessening specialists fluctuates with the cell relying upon the properties of the reagent. They additionally produce diverse redox possibilities which power a substrate to follow explicit metabolic pathway so as to change the item or pace of the response. So it is fundamental to contemplate the impact of diminishing specialists on the development of Magnetospirilla. Two strains of this bacterium, MSR-1 and RJS-1 were chosen for the examination. Diminishing specialists like Ascorbic Acid, Cysteine and Glutathione were set up in different fixations and the microbes were refined. The perfect grouping of the lessening specialists required for the development of these two strains was recognized. Glutathione at the fixation 0.250mg/ml is seen as perfect for the development of MSR-1 and Cysteine at the convergence of 0.250mg/ml is seen as perfect for the develo pment of RJS-1 strain of Magnetospirilla Watchwords: Magnetotactic microscopic organisms; Ascorbic Acid; Cysteine; Glutathione; Reducing operators. Presentation: Magnetotactic microbes (orMTB) are aâ polyphyleticâ group ofâ bacteria that arrange along themagnetic field lines of Earth’s attractive field with the assistance of organelles called magnetosomes. Magnetosomes are iron precious stones of magnetite or greigite. The development of microorganisms because of the attractive attributes of the earth is known asâ magnetotaxis. Numerous endeavors have been made to upgrade the development states of MTB.[4] Magnetospirilla are facultative anaerobic attractive bacterium. Diminishing operators can have totally different consequences for the microbial cells relying upon the properties of the reagent and of the properties of the cell itself. Lessening specialists can deliver distinctive redox possibilities which may be power a substrate to follow a particular metabolic pathway so as to change the rate or result of the reaction.[6] Previous investigations demonstrated that changing the redox condition had a solid effect in the uses of Mag netospirilla. Along these lines we contemplated the impact of various decreasing operators at various fixations on the development of Magnetospirilla. Materials and Methods: Refined the microorganisms Two strains of Magnetospirilla, MSR-1 (DSMZ, Germany) and RJS-1(Marine Biotechnology Lab, VIT University) were developed in fluid Magnetic Spirillum Growth Medium (MSGM).[1] A load of 500ml of the MSGM media was set up without diminishing specialists and Resazurin. 7ml of the media were moved in little vials and it was cleansed with nitrogen gas for 3 minutes to give microaerophilic condition. The vials were fixed with butyl elastic septa and aluminum focus holed tops. These vials were autoclaved at 121 °C for 15 minutes. Stock arrangement of the lessening specialists Ascorbic Acid, Cysteine, Glutathione and Sodium Sulfide (10mg/10ml) were arranged and channel sanitized. Warmth delicate materials, for example, nutrients were additionally channel sanitized. 70î ¼l of separated nutrient arrangement and 14î ¼l of sifted ferric quinate arrangement were taken in sterile eppendorf tubes. Various centralizations of decreasing operators (0.125mg/ml, 0.250mg/ml, 0.375mg/ml and 0.500mg/ml) were likewise taken in the eppendorf tubes containing the nutrient and ferric quinate arrangements. Utilizing sterile needles and syringes these arrangements were moved into the vials. These vials were hatched at 37 °C in a shaker. Checking the development of the microscopic organisms The development of the microscopic organisms were watched utilizing spectrophotometer. Optical Density (OD) was taken at 595nm in 24, 26, 29, 38, 44 and 48 hours of hatching. The qualities are plotted in diagram to locate the most extreme development rate. Results and Discussion: A diagram was plotted against time in hours and the OD esteems taken for various centralizations of lessening operators. Figure 1. Diagram indicating the development of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at different groupings of Ascorbic Acid. The development of MSR-1 was greatest at the focus 0.500mg/ml of Ascorbic corrosive. Figure 2. Diagram indicating the development of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at different convergences of Cysteine. The development of MSR-1 was most extreme at the fixations 0.250mg/ml of Cysteine. Figure 3. Chart demonstrating the development of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at different convergences of Glutathione. The development of MSR-1 was greatest at the fixation 0.250mg/ml of Glutathione. Figure 4. Diagram demonstrating the development of Magnetospirilla (MSR-1) at different groupings of Sodium Sulfide. The development of MSR-1 was greatest at the fixation 0.500mg/ml of Sodium Sulfide. Looking at all the OD esteems the development of MSR-1 was greatest at the fixation 0.250mg/ml of Glutathione. Figure 5. Chart demonstrating the development of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at different convergences of Ascorbic Acid. The development of RJS-1 was most extreme at the focus 0.375mg/ml of Ascorbic Acid. Figure 6. Chart demonstrating the development of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at different convergences of Cysteine. The development of RJS-1 was most extreme at the focus 0.250mg/ml of Cysteine. Figure 7. Chart indicating the development of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at different groupings of Glutathione. The development of RJS-1 was most extreme at the focus 0.375mg/ml of Glutathione. Figure 8. Chart indicating the development of Magnetospirilla (RJS-1) at different centralizations of Sodium Sulfide. The development of RJS-1 was most extreme at the focus 0.500mg/ml of Sodium Sulfide. Looking at all the OD esteems the development of RJS-1 was greatest at the focus 0.250mg/ml of Cysteine. Our examinations demonstrated that ideal grouping of lessening operators indicated expanded development. At the point when the centralization of diminishing operators is expanded further it hinders the development on account of harmfulness. Ideal centralization of diminishing specialists lessens the slack time and upgrades the cell thickness. End: There are numerous other diminishing specialists which are utilized for developing different types of Magnetotactic microscopic organisms. From the outcomes we got it is proposed that Glutathione at the fixation 0.250mg/ml is perfect for the development of MSR-1 and Cysteine at the convergence of 0.250mg/ml is perfect for the development of RJS-1 strain of Magnetospirilla. References: [1] Blakemore R P, Maratea D and Wolfe R S, â€Å"Isolation and Pure Culture of a Freshwater Magnetic Spirillum in Chemically Defined Medium,† Journal of Bacteriology, 140(2), 720, 1979. [2] Cody Nash, â€Å"Mechanisms and Evolution of Magnetotactic Bacteria,† 2008. [3] Damien Faivre and Dirk Schuler, â€Å"Magnetotactic Bacteria and Magnetosomes,† Chem.Rev, 108, 4875â€4898, 2008. [4] John F. Stolz, â€Å" Magnetosomes,† Journal of General Microbiology, 139, 1663-1670,1993. [5] Tadashi Matsunaga and Toshifumi Sakaguchi, â€Å" Molecular Mechanism of Magnet Formation in Bacteria,† Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 90, 1-13, 2000. [6] Xiangqian Li, Qilei Wang and Yemin Xue, â€Å" On the Change in Bacterial Growth and Magnetosome Formation for Magnetosprillum Sp. Strain AMB-1 Under Different Concentrations of Reducing Agents,† Jorunal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,13, 1392-1398, 2013. [7] Yoshihito Uchino and Suzuki Ken-Ichiro, â€Å"A Simple Preparation of Liquid Media for the Cultivation of Strict Anaerobes,† Journal of Petroleum and Environmental Biotechnology, S3-001, 2157-2160, 2011.

Catholic Church and Ultima’s mystical folklore Essay Example for Free

Catholic Church and Ultima’s enchanted old stories Essay The epic â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima† by Rudolfo Anaya is peaceful, prophetically calamitous and, simultaneously, disastrous story uncovering the mind boggling nature of human relations and equivocalness of the world. The epic shows perusers not to meddle with the predetermination of any individual not to change the astronomical request. In any case, Ultima sets out to impact the predetermination and her demise toward the finish of the novel is symbolical portrayal that each individual ought to be liable for his own activities. The creator portrays relations between an old healer Ultima and a little fellow Antonio who is looking for truth. The tale can be characterized as prophetically catastrophic as the creator outlines that biculturalism prompts inescapable clash among societies and religions. I imagine that the novel has a place with Chicano writing being fairly well known in 1965-1975s. Be that as it may, it very well may be viewed as social novel which will in general investigate self-advancement, character and ethnic personality on the planet loaded up with race and ethnic separation. The epic is rich story weaving numerous topics and sub-subjects together permitting perusers for various translations. In this manner, the targets of the paper are to break down author’s composing style, relations among Antonio and Ultima, to recognize principle topics and images, and to examine the subject of personal history. â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima†: Analysis I imagine that the novel â€Å"Bless Me, Ultima† can be broke down from alternate points of view and from numerous edges. The tale is a rich abstract work managing social changes, subjective and mental advancement of primary legends, strict issues, and so on. In addition, the novel weaves social clashes and development of ethnic character into acceptable and reasonable story delineating the smoothes and roughs of Antonio’s life †the principle legend. From one perspective, the novel can be viewed as romance book as it talks about cultural period through legend creation. Then again, the novel can be viewed as social novel as it depicts chronicled strife among towns and restricts race segregation in the United States. Moreover, the novel can be characterized as Chicano writing as it advances whole-world destroying thoughts and states of mind. The epic presents ripe foundation for examination as the creator utilizes rich topics and images to show the existence go of a youthful remarkable kid. Composing Style The creator joins amazing and distinctive pictures to introduce the assortment and equivocalness of reactions. At the end of the day, Anaya utilizes prophetic dreams, scenes of clowning around among kids, untainted scenes introducing agreement and normal parity, supernatural dynamism, scenes of viciousness and passing as symbolism to make solid impression and to make individuals think whether the world we see is genuine one and what the fate of the individual is. Be that as it may, the novel will in general uncover whether it is admissible to change human fate. Anaya utilizes solid symbolism to show that characters and nature are emphatically integrated making purported regular continuum. Anaya alludes to method of abuse when composing the novel so as to make staggered struggle. For instance, Antonio’s guardians have contradicting foundations, perspectives and goals. Further, strict are contradicted in their convictions, qualities and requests on the person. Vast constrained are connected as they represent interminable battle between the great and the underhandedness. At last, the creator compares types of nature saying they can pick whether to make soil dry or rich. The epic depends on clashes †social, mental, physical and social. Antonio’s life is additionally a contention. The epic is likewise founded on tripartites. It implies that all levels and things are happening in supposed ‘threes’. For instance, there are three societies in the novel, three Trementina sisters, three siblings, three Comanche spirits, three prophetic dreams, three Ultima’s endeavors to recognize her ethnicity, and three Ultima’s impedance in the life of others. Numerology is focal in structure of the plot. Issue of Autobiography I believe that â€Å"bless Me, Ultima† can be characterized as semi self-portraying novel as the storyteller alludes to ‘I’ style indicating that the novel is created from individual experience or experience of the more youthful ‘I’. The tale is told by develop Antonio who offers encounters of being a little youngster. Besides, the encounters are transmitted in infantile way and it might appear that the story is told by a six-year-old kid. One all the more intriguing actuality is that the creator says that he needed to allude to his own encounters and encounters of other youngsters to build the story. In spite of the way that the novel is semi true to life, the perusers aren’t permitted to separate the genuine and envisioned occasions as the creator speaks to everything as fiction. I feel that the creator bases the story on rich descriptive of individual encounters, yet he handily shrouds this reality. Relations among Antonio and Ultima Antonio is the primary legend in the novel who chose to accommodate his clashing strict and social personality. Antonio is just six years of age, yet he is uncommon kid with addressing mind, energy about existence, and good interest. Antonio is more genuine than other offspring of his age, he is progressively delicate to uncertainty of the world and clashing social conventions. Anaya shows that Antonio is grieved about his unsure predetermination and he is eager to comprehend the world. After the passing of one of the town’s occupants Antonio appears to dive into emergency of the confidence and just because he questions legitimacy of the Catholic confidence. Subsequently, want to uncover reality can be characterized as probably the most grounded part of his character as his craving prompts enthusiasm for transgression, passing, guiltlessness, and the idea of God. Antonio is creating to development all through the novel movement and it is Ultima who instructs how to remain ethically free, to get information from every single accessible convention and to cease from partialities and restrictions. Ultima drives Antonio to his physical and mental development. Ultima encourages him to determine numerous contentions and to decide his future. Old healer Ultima speaks to the ethical framework which Anaya underpins. Connections among Antonio and Ultima are the most significant bond in the novel. Ultima is Antonio’s tutor helping him to beat troubles and to adapt to nerves and vulnerabilities. Relations between principle characters can be characterized even as profound. Ultima introduces herself as the guardian of Antonio’s predetermination and starts assuming focal job in his life and mind. She utilizes her capacity of affecting to make Antonio consider himself and make his own feeling of ethical quality. Ultima joins information on both Catholic and indigenous customs. She feels that otherworldliness and life are tied. By the by, we see that Catholic Church dismisses her enchanted force, and Ultima regards its intelligence going to mass routinely. Ultima instructs to acknowledge similarly numerous confidence and points of view as every individual is involved with rights to settle on autonomous good choices. Ultima imparts resistance, liberality and freedom in Antonio’s confidence. Ultima approaches Antonio with deference and comprehension, in spite of he is a little kid. Toward the finish of the novel Antonio is treated as otherworldly accomplice and Ultima requests to cover the owl which represents her own passing. Ultima bites the dust, yet her soul keeps on directing Antonio for an incredible duration. Primary Themes Initially, the creator focuses on the significance of good freedom as nobody has the options to meddle with the predetermination of others. Anaya underlines rights to think autonomously and to settle on up moral choices. In the novel Antonio’s progress is simply the indication of development and advancement. Antonio continually battles to settle on his own choices and he understands that perplexing experience of religion has compelled to adjust his perspectives. Antonio is truly disappointed when he understands that the congregation has fizzled and squeezing inquiries concerning human ethical quality rise in his mind. We see that Ultima turns into his guide and educates about profound quality and autonomy. In addition, Ultima clarifies uncertainty of life focusing on that life can be seen just as far as culture and religion. Social and strict customs are significant, however they compel human capacities to be ethically autonomous. Antonio understands that he should discover replies about malicious, great, soul, pardoning and truth himself. Once Antonio has submitted lethal slip-up, when he accepted that the Communion ceremonial had the option to address all inquiries. Rather, Ultima instructs Antonio to settle on choices and decisions himself. Besides, the creator recognizes the impact of culture on character. In the novel Anaya investigates the contention between social customs which neglect to coincide as one culture will in general rule others and bad habit stanza. Notwithstanding, at long last we see that the creator offers new arrangement †he contends that few social customs can make progressively versatile character. For instance, Antonio figures out how to discover replies as his life has been impacted by a few continually clashing societies. The main clash was with his folks as Antonio’s mother needed him to turn into a minister, while his dads needed Antonio to ride the llano. The issue was that guardians had distinctive social feelings. The following clash is seen inside Antonio’s local town where Spanish culture is battling with other culture. The contention is introduced in pressures between the Catholic Church and Ultima’s enchanted fables. I imagine that through such clashes the creator investigates the impact of culture on character development. Anaya shows that numerous characters in the story are constrained by social partialities and they have neglected to look past

Proven Strategies for Coping With Stress

Proven Strategies for Coping With Stress Stress Management Management Techniques Print Proven Strategies for Coping With Your Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on October 23, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living Hero Images/Getty Images When coping with stress, it can sometimes be difficult to know where to even begin, though there is no shortage of advice that may come your way. Should you tackle the problem head-on? Or should you simply need to change how you think about the stressors you face? Is there a specific way to make your stress dissolve so that coping with stress becomes a no-brainer? And how can you best choose the appropriate method for coping with stress? The bad news is that its not always easy to cope with stress. its usually a process, and the right answer isnt always clear. The good news is that it becomes easier and easier to cope with stress once you become aware of what works best for you and in which situations each strategy is most helpful. More good news is that there are few wrong answers when it comes to coping. Its usually a case of choosing between strategies that work okay and strategies that work great, depending on your situation. (There are a few unhealthy responses to stress that you should look out for, however, like excessive drinking or obsessive worrying, but most of the coping strategies you intentionally use are helpful to some degree.) There are several different strategies that people use for coping with stress, and each type of coping strategy brings unique benefits. Finding the best match of strategies for your situation is the key to maximizing your stress management efforts. Simply put, when coping with stress, the following two main strategies are useful: solution-based coping and appraisal-based coping. Solution-Based Coping With Stress When someone employs solution-based coping strategies for coping with stress, they work to identify areas of their lives that can be changed, and follow a plan that will bring about change. Solution-based coping includes eliminating stressors, like quitting a stressful job, breaking up with a toxic partner, or paring down a busy schedule, as a means of eliminating the stress before you encounter more of it. This solution-based approach can be an extremely effective technique for coping with stress, and many of the uncomfortable emotions we experience along with stress such as anxiety, anger, frustration are signals that changes need to be made. Sometimes, however, we find ourselves in stressful situations where we can’t make changes in our lives and can’t eliminate the stressors that we experience. For example, we might be working at a job we can’t easily leave, and need to get along with difficult co-workers; we may find that our partner causes us stress, but is worth staying with anyway; we may find that every activity in our busy schedule is vital, and can’t be eliminated. In cases like these, we still have the option of appraisal-based coping with stress. Appraisal-Based Coping With Stress This strategy of coping with stress involves how we feel about the stressors we face throughout the day. Appraisal-based coping strategies include cognitive restructuring, positive thinking, and humor. Asking yourself whether something really needs to cause stress or can just be accepted as part of life, finding the humor in the ridiculousness of a stressful situation, or finding someone who seems to be coping with stress in a particular way and exploring their attitude are all effective appraisal-based coping strategies. A Word From Verywell While solution-based and appraisal-based coping mechanisms can both offer relief, it’s sometimes difficult to know when something can (and should) be changed versus when it should be dealt with through acceptance. In fact, the famous serenity prayer that’s been so helpful in programs like AA is all about these two styles of coping: “God grant me the strength to change what I can, the patience to accept what I can’t change, and the wisdom to know the difference.” Often, the most effective approach is one that includes both coping strategies.

Police Discretion Essay - 2798 Words

Police Discretion April 20th , 2008 One aspect of the criminal justice system that has been debated for many years is that of police discretion. Police discretion is defined as the ability of a police officer, a prosecutor, a judge, and a jury to exercise a degree of personal decision making in deciding who is going to be charged or punished for a crime and how they are going to be punished. This basically is saying that there are situations when these law enforcement officers have to use their own personal beliefs and make choices coming from their own morals and ethics. The subject of police discretion was discovered in 1956 by the American Bar Foundation and has been an important problem in criminal justice since that time. When it†¦show more content†¦You should be able to know from experience and what you have learned so far to make the correct decisions in situations. The fourth form of discretion is discretion as liberty. This states that Discretion is not where the law ends, nor is it the same as intel lectually deriving principles from rules. Its about permission to act as a free and equal agent, and using that permission in extending the rights and duties of office (under color of law) toward a vision of liberty, inalienable rights, and the kinds of things that no majority, rule, or principle can ever take away (Kleinig 1996). This form appeals more to the rights of people and to being free. This form is trying to say to make decisions keeping in mind that you are a free person and that you are equal to every other human being. The fifth and final form is discretion as license. This form states that Discretion is the opposite of standard expectations. Its the privilege to go against the rules, disobey your superiors, be less than optimal or perfect all the time, all without degenerating the rules or eroding the trust between you, your superiors, or the public. License (not licentiousness) involves a sense of accountability that does not have to be formally recognized or structur al (Kleinig 1996). This form is one that I think is the most confusing for some people but is one that has truth to it. It’s basically stating that police have the privilege to goShow MoreRelatedPolice Discretion1244 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Police Discretion Jocelyn Golphin University of the District of Columbia Criminal Justice System 2/21/2014 Golphin 2 Police discretion is a very important approach in matters concerning criminal justice. There has been a consistent problem between enforcing the law and the spirit of the law. Discretion in the broader sense can be defined as the individual’s ability to make a decision basing on the principle of courses of the action. During trainingRead MorePolice Discretion1050 Words   |  5 PagesPolice Discretion Police discretion is the ability to choose a course of action because of broad limits of power. 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Similarities Between Confucianism And Ancient China

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A similarity that both civilizations held in regards to politics would be the role, or lack thereof one, that women played within their respectiveRead MoreWork of the Christian Missionaries: Converting China to Christianity1392 Words   |  6 Pagesgoing to be easy. Going to China at the time was a one way trip to an unknown land. The task of converting China to Christianity was rife with challenges due to continued resistance to any sort of outside influence that was a tradition of China for many years. Never-the-less the missionaries still went to China and by leveraging what advantages they could find, they were able to find some measure of success over the years. One of the men who made so much headway in China was a Jesuit named Ricci

Chemunity.Com Case Study Analysis Free Essays

string(42) " and has a long inefficient supply chain\." Take Home Exam Questions Question 1 When ChemUnity. com began, Herman Rijks was a 37 year old, Masters of Science graduate from the Technological University of Delft, Netherlands. He was born in South Yemen and grew up in Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemunity.Com Case Study Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rijks had experience in green-field chemical distribution start-ups, and general management experience in various chemical companies. He worked for HCI, a chemical company for three years, and prior to ChemUnity. com, he was part of the HCI corporate e-commerce task force. Mark-Jan Terwindt was a 34 year old graduate from Nijenrode Business School in Netherlands. He worked for eight years in the chemical distributions in countries such as: Ecuador, El Salvador, and Venezuela. Later, he went to the Czech Republic to manage HCI Operations, and before ChemUnity, he was in South Africa managing the integration of an acquired company. Both the founders spoke Dutch, English, Spanish, and a working knowledge of German, and additionally, Herman spoke French. Also, the founders shared similar interests, like sports and traveling (flying), and both have wives and children. The founders have a good amount of experience in business, e-commerce and the general industry to succeed. They both have several years tenure in companies related to the industry. Also, they are highly educated in areas that are important to the company (for example, Business and Science). The linguistic abilities of the founders allow them to understand and communicate with partners and customers in Western Europe, improving communication channels and service quality. The shared interests they have could mean that they understand each other more, have a good friendship, and allow them to work together on the company more frequently than just regular founders. Alternatively, this could mean that they will reinforce each other’s ideas without truly considering all the factors involved. Question 2 The product that ChemUnity provides fits extremely well with an online exchange because it’s a commodity. Meaning that all variables (grade, concentration packaging) can be standardized and price is the determinate factor. The system used protects the buyers and sellers, and creates a serious and profitable environment for all, and makes buying and selling easy. A buyer’s order has a preferred and highest acceptable price, and only the preferred price is transferred to the suppliers. Potential suppliers within the right geographical region are forwarded the message via email and SMS. The supplier has 25 hours to respond with a bid, and this only happens once to avoid price erosion of auction-like bids. ChemUnity compares the bid, informs the buyer and supplier who got the deal, and they take care of the transaction. Additionally, no parties can withdraw from the deal, and inquiries are very serious. The simplicity in the variables makes commodities easy to trade in an online exchange and the business model developed by ChemUnity creates a profitable, safe, and easy buying selling environment. The characteristics of the products fit, and can be successfully sold online in an online exchange. Question 3 Steps (1) through (5) explain the trading process at ChemUnity and are listed below. (1) An inquiry is posted from a buyer on the ChemUnity website that includes the name, grade, concentration, and packing of the commodity based on a predetermined list, delivery date, geographical region of the buyer, and a price indication. price indication includes preferred and highest acceptable price, and the preferred is given transferred to suppliers) (2) Potential suppliers, determined by information given by companies, are forwarded the inquiry. (Both supplier and buyer can exclude parties or regions outside of their scope to trade. ) (3) Once an email or SMS message is received by the su pplier they have 25 hours to respond with its bid. (Which only can be made once to prevent price erosion) (4) ChemUnity compares the bids, informs the supplier who got the deal, and connects the buyer and seller where the transaction is managed between the two parties. transaction is binding and because of credit insurance, supplier payment is certain) (5) The supplier ships the product and the buyer receives it. The trading process is streamlined and simplified in a concise number of steps. This seems like a very efficient process that does not even revision and it serves its purpose. Question 4 Value Proposition for Both Buyers and Sellers * Time efficiency in buying selling products. * Access to good buyer seller track records. * Emotion free deals with no room for confusion. * Multiple ways to access: internet or WAP phone capability. Clear legal framework adds simplicity. * No time zones. * Future linkage to your order entry. * Credit insurance. * More efficient supply chain. * Optional usage and ability to react whenever needed. * Higher margins as non-value added middlemen are eliminated. Value Proposition for Buyers * No need to contact multiple sellers with each purchase of products. * Quick responses to requests. * Proactive filtered information with no overload or irrelevant postings. * Post your preferred price. * Able to source from new companies more efficiently and at lower prices. Value Proposition for Sellers Receive only interesting requests from buyers that are profitable through filtering of information based on seller’s profile. * Possibility of serving smaller customers and reaching customers in new geographical markets. * Freedom in making bids. * Set your own prices. * Payment coverage and easy credit checks. * Ability to exclude regions or parties in a buyers list. * Ability to do normal business and travel as bids only needed to be checked once a day. * Eliminate regional boundaries and ability to reach the whole market. * O ther sellers in market will not dump products. No Price erosion from auction like bids. There are several advantages for both parties at what would seem like little to no cost to either party. ChemUnity assists these companies in making transactions while they focus on their respective specializations. This allows for much more buying and selling efficiency. The value proposition is extremely strong. The value proposition seems great on paper, but in fact could be improved greatly. As the alternative ChemUnity. com Case (2002) suggests the chemicals market is large one and has a long inefficient supply chain. You read "Chemunity.Com Case Study Analysis" in category "Free Case study samples" A consortium might not wipe out all the companies, and classifications and regulations in Europe is still far from consistent across all countries. A very large part of customers do not use a Complete Tender Management system, they use catalogues. A large addition to the value added for a supplier and buyer would be to have one of these systems implemented. Sourcing/access to the information will give value added and not just a yellow pages approach to the system. Question 5 There are several major threats to the ChemUnity Business model and four of them are summarized below. Potential price collusion between suppliers One threat to ChemUnity business model is the collusion of prices between suppliers. If they decided to set all the prices high it could affect the ability for the company to create value for the buyer. Also, even if these prices weren’t high, it would affect the ability for ChemUnity to negotiate prices. This threat is strong because it would eliminate the value added, but is very unlikely to happen as the suppliers want to compete naturally in sales and would require some type of elaborate conspiracy. Supplier and buyer post purchase relationship Another threat to the ChemUnity business model is if the buyers and sellers decide to keep makings transactions after the first sale without ChemUnity in the picture. This would probably increase seller margins and make products cheaper for the buyers. ChemUnity would not have control over the situation as much, due to the fact they bring the buyer and seller together and let them take care of the transaction. Competing websites (Catalogue, Aggregator and Auction) Catalogue, aggregator, and auction site business models are in direct competition with the ChemUnity business model. They can take away market share because we all compete for the same customers. If users have no problem searching through the catalogues and finding the deal they want, there is no value added for the searching and time costs that ChemUnity offers. Aggregator business models can add huge amounts of leverage to the buyer as they are all working together to get the best prices. They go to the supplier, speak for the buyers and get the best deal. Auction sites can but a lot of pressure on suppliers and can support dumping practices and price erosion. It is very attractive to a buyer when he can get much lower prices as a result of these effects. Traditional Distributers These traditional distributers could be considered indirect competitors as they do not compete online, but have a presence in the industry. They could have strong relationships with buyers especially in their local geographical areas. They could compete on convenience and logistics with the buyers, especially if it was a convenient automatic replenishment system, where the traditional distributers handled everything. This is based off of the idea that managing something might have more costs than it’s worth, especially if it’s in small quantities or cost values. Consortiums According to the alternate ChemUnity. com case study (2002), ChemUnity could encounter problems if a company’s grouped together to start their own market place. This is known as a consortium, and ChemUnity could â€Å"find it [hard] to get suppliers and buyers to go on-line, and this is a drawback compared with a consortium. † It further explains that if key suppliers were to launch a consortium it would crush the market place credibility of ChemUnity. Overall Threat Analysis There are several threats that the ChemUnity business model faces in this environment. Potential price collusion between suppliers eliminates the value added by the company and supplier buyer post purchase relationship prevents revenue from repeat purchases. Catalogue, Aggregator, and Auction sites – the direct competition for the company, threaten the business model as they compete for the same customers. Traditional distributers – our indirect competitors, still have a presence in the industry through customer relationships, convenience, and time saved. Consortiums are future competitors; they can crush the credibility of the company if created. ChemUnity can meet its threats as it a differentiated service than can add a lot of value, but if it cannot meet its threats it will have huge problems with market penetration. Question 6 Below you will find a Porter’s Five Forces analysis used to find the attractiveness of the industry. Bargaining Power of Buyers (-) Bargaining power of buyers is very high, because buyers are not dependant on this way of purchasing a product. They can use multiple other channels to purchase it. There is a high availability of substitute services, so buyers have a lot of power in terms of options. Buyer switching costs are nothing compared to firm switching costs, buyers can choose to go anywhere and this service has a small amount of buyers (because of the large size of orders). In addition, there is high buyer price sensitivity and buyer information is extremely high. They can search a lot of places to find information on prices. Lastly, the products do not have uniqueness, they are simplistic in the amount of variables and standardized. Overall, bargaining power of buyers is high and I rated this as negative for the attractiveness of the industry. Bargaining Power of Suppliers (+) In general, there are there are several suppliers who offer similar products so there are a lot of alternatives for the firm to work with other suppliers who want the demand. There is also a high presence of substitute inputs for these chemicals as other manufactures can create identical chemical products. There is also a very weak distribution channel so the suppliers may rely some of the companies’ services. Overall, the bargaining power of suppliers is low and I rated this as positive for the attractiveness of the industry. Threat of New Entrants (-) A website with a similar business model could easily be implemented at a very low cost. Similar software that the company uses could easily be imitated because of the very simplified variables in commodity products and intuitive idea. Websites can be up in a matter of weeks or days, and overall it is very easy for new entrants to start a company. Alternatively, the exit barriers are very low as well, as a website can be shut down at any moment and the company holds no inventory or major facilities. Overall, the threat of new entrants is high and I rated this as negative for the attractiveness of the industry. Threat of Substitute Products or Services (-) The threat of substitute services is very high. Any company could come up with a similar idea and there are several substitute business models that threaten the market share. Catalogue, Aggregator, and Auction sites can easily be substitutes for the service. Traditional distributers can also easily service anyone in this market. In addition, key suppliers could create a consortium and take over instantly while killing the market credibility of this service. Overall, the threat of substitute services is high and I rated this as negative for the attractiveness of the industry. Intensity of Competitive Rivalry (-) Intensity of Competitive Rivalry is high in the industry, as the case noted – there were a lot of players in the market place that established operations and gathered customer base. These companies, along with us compete for the same customers. There are several firms in the industry competing (high firm concentration ratio). Strong competition between online and offline service offerings mixed with difficulty in maintaining a sustainable competitive advantage leads to a high intensity of competitive rivalry. Overall, the intensity of competitive rivalry is high and I rated this as negative for the attractiveness of the industry. Overall the attractiveness of the industry as seen in the above Porters Five Forces analysis is one out of five which leads me to believe the industry isn’t very attractive. The bargaining power of buyers, threat of new entrants, threat of substitute products or services, and intensity of competitive rivalry were all negative in terms of attractiveness in our analysis. The buyers have power, entrants can easily get in, there are many substitutes, and it is very competitive. The only attractive part is that supplier power is not that high, even though they are still very important to the firm. Question 7(a) As indicated in the case, the major categories of ChemUnity’s costs were related to marketing, people, and IT. Also, in the beginning marketing was the biggest cost at 60%, leaving 30% to people, and 10% to IT. Later, the people costs were assumed to rise and the marketing costs were assumed to go down. I estimate this would leave us at 50% marketing, 40% people and 10% IT. It was noted in the case that there were two venture capital companies providing early financing in the amount of â‚ ¬1. million (27. 5% of the company). Using this number, marketing would cost â‚ ¬750,000, people would cost â‚ ¬600,000, and IT would cost â‚ ¬150,000. Question 7(b) As noted in the case, the average size of a deal was estimated to be â‚ ¬5,000 to â‚ ¬10,000. Using the 2% transaction fee, and the most conservative deal estimate, you get â‚ ¬100 per transaction (â‚ ¬5000 ? 2%). This would mean that you would require 1,500,000 transactions to break even with the early financing that was made. This could be attainable over time but is not likely to happen quickly, especially with the low amount of buyers the business serves. Question 7(c) Using the 3000 daily customers to the website from the case, the 1995 click through rate of 2. 1% , and a estimate of â‚ ¬0. 19 per click ( high pay-per click estimate is due to the fact that these customers are very focused), the website could generate â‚ ¬11. 9 daily (3000 ? 2. 1% ? â‚ ¬0. 19), and â‚ ¬359. 10 monthly. This is not a very significant amount of money. The pros of this kind of income is that it is basically free, as long as you have a website and takes not much management of the ads to generate the revenue. The cons are that there is a very small amount of money per click, and with only 3000 customers daily you are very limited to how much you can make. If you had for example a hundred thousand or so a day, this would be much better. Question 8 Short-Term Challenges The main short-term challenge was to test the concept with a couple of products to see if the company is on the right track. Successful implementation starts from marketing and the company needs to make sure suppliers are aware of the exchange and get product leaders. The belief at the time was that the buyers would come as soon as the sellers were onboard. Once buyers and sellers are established, the company needs to activate them to get the market liquidity up. Once the company is known for these products, they have succeeded in the first challenge. The second short-term challenge was a human resources issue; they needed people a chemical history background. These people would communicate with suppliers and buyers and should bring enthusiasm and belief in the business idea. The third short-term challenge was an IT issue – the technology needed to work flawlessly in its execution. The service is not perfect at the moment the company is working towards improving it. Long-Term Challenges The major long-term challenge was expansion of operations. By targeting a couple of strategic suppliers and many fragmented buyers in each product, they believed they could have a total of 200-500 suppliers, and up to 10,000 buyers. They believe they need to proceed with one product at a time, giving them the ability to test the concept and concentrate efforts on a focused segment. The real challenge was to pick the right products. They could also expand their service portfolio, by providing more financial services to gain revenue. They could also get involved with transportation, but would be a difficult avenue as they need to choose the right services, good partners and the proper expansion location. Cash flow has been an issue so the company needs to raise more financing. A second round of financing was timed for a couple months after launching the service. The company wants to raise another â‚ ¬5 – 10 million from banks, venture capital, and market players. Meeting Short-Term Challenges The company needs to begin testing the concept as soon as possible. Successful implementation begins with marketing efforts – the company needs to raise supplier awareness of the exchange and get product leaders onboard. The next issue is raising market liquidity, and it can be done by activating the sellers and buyers by contacting them. Once the company raises awareness about its products, they have succeeded in the first short-term challenge. The second short-term challenge can be solved by using a headhunter to find the best people the company can find. This would require some funding but will easily be worth the cost. These people would need to be educated on the concepts of the company and know how to communicate well with suppliers and buyers about the service, and have enthusiasm and a strong belief in the business. The final short-term challenge can be solved by rigorously testing and improving the technology to work flawlessly. Meeting Long-Term Challenges The expansion of operations should be done by targeting more suppliers and buyers for more potential revenue. I believe these need to be higher than the estimates given in the case– 200 suppliers and maybe 5000 buyers is not adequate enough. It is possible they can try targeting an additional geographical location, perhaps in South/Central America or Africa where the founders worked. Either way, with the market they have now, they need to test a concept and concentrate efforts on a focused segment and pick the right products. One option for expansion was to provide financial services, or get involved with the transportation of the product. Personally, I am not a fan of this idea because they are losing focus on what they specialize in. But if they were to do these options, they would need to hire consultants and rework the business model entirely. Also, with transportation they need to choose the right type of services, good partners, and a good expansion location. Finally for their cash flow problems, they will need to ensure they get that financing by fully disclosing information, addressing the problems they have, and working with venture capitalists to perhaps negotiate the share of the company for a given amount of funding. Question 9 As the alternate ChemUnity Case Study (2002) suggests, it’s easy to multiply figures and play around revenues and market volume on paper, but it does not address the habits of a given industry. Experience has shown that many internet service providers have failed due to the fact that many of them were not focused enough, spent too much money before making any, and didn’t bring enough value to its users. The main challenge lies in the art of change management. ChemUnity has this challenge for both buyers and seller, but it remains that these groups would benefit from a multitude of significant strategic advantages (if it had the ability to support change management processes) Also the case suggests that for the company to potentially succeed, the platform they develop must be flexible and characterized by short development cycles that will match the needs of the market and increase the functionality for its end users. They also need the right mix of employees with experience in the field and who are used to driving change along with a highly skilled sales team. If they had an online complete tender management system, they could save time and money and access more efficient markets. This is a great opportunity for the company to drive change in the company – along with a complete business process reengineering of their buying and selling process. If the company followed these steps, they would have potential success in the market. I personally don’t think they can be successful unless they do these things, and it seems like a big changes are needed. Question 10 (a) The three options for business model changes are below: Status Quo This option would be to remain the same but focused on its specialization. Transportation Addition to Business Model This option would be to introduce transportation into the model to create more value for customers. Financial Services Addition to Business Model This option would be to introduce financial services into the model to create more value for customers. The criteria we used to assess which business model to use includes the following: Cost, Value Added, Revenue, Expenses, Ease of Change, and Adaptability. I decided to use a decision matrix and estimate the values from 1-10 using subjective data from the case and intuition. The best alternative according to the criteria is Added Financial Service to the business model. It would not cost a very high amount to implement, would add a decent amount of value and revenue to the business. The expenses are fairly high, seeing as you need more cash on hand and you need to develop this business model, and be able to setup a good financial plan for customers. The ease of change is pretty fair, is pretty easy to adapt into it, and has a moderate amount of risk involved. Finally, the market share is would increase a lot compared to status quo. The next close business model would have been transportation, it’s just a more risky and more rewarding model because it requires large capital investments, but hard to adapt and change into. References Petri Lehtivaara (2002) ChemUnity. com Case Study. Retrieved From http://www. supplychain-forum. com/documents/articles/ACF41. df Nielsen Norman Group (2000) Methodology Weaknesses in Poynter Eyetrack Study. Retrieved from http://www. nngroup. com/articles/methodology-weaknesses-poynter/ Wikipedia (2012) Pay Per Click. Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pay_per_click ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Nielsen Norman Group reports a 2. 1% click through rate in 1995. [ 3 ]. Wikipedia reports tha t in 1997 the pay-per-click was from $. 005 to $. 25 (â‚ ¬0. 003 to â‚ ¬0. 19 using March 26,2013 exchange rates) How to cite Chemunity.Com Case Study Analysis, Free Case study samples

The Decision

Introduction Criminal justice is a process with a number of steps. It starts with investigating the suspect and concludes with the release of the accused from prison. The process consists of rules governing the decision-making. This would mean that a clear decision making procedure is followed in making decision to ensure fairness. The policies followed in the process of administering justice are obtained from different sources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Decision-Making Process of the Police Service specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the US constitution, federal principles, state laws, and the policies and regulations of the security agencies are some of the sources. In America, federal laws govern the process of decision making in all criminal justice institutions. The process should be more than a simple process of learning of rules and applying them. Rules should exist to guide an individ ual in order to make informed decisions. This would mean a law-enforcing agent should look for an alternative course of action before implementing a policy (Andrews, Bonta, 2007). In the police service, decision makers formulate personalized decisions implying that they rarely follow the laid down regulations. In the US, research shows that some prosecutors make decisions without following some rules. In this case, they would not be in a position to know whether to grant bail or to charge an individual with a crime. This paper would seek to discuss the decision making process within the hierarchy of the police service. Within the police service, a synergistic decision making model is frequently applied. This is where a problem is evaluated and the decision is made based on the outcome. Decision makers would then come up with the most suitable solution. This is what should be happening in the police service as regards to criminal justice. Ten steps are to be followed by officers wit hin the police service when criminal justice decisions. Decision Making Model As earlier mentioned earlier, synergetic decision-making model involves collective assessment of an event and coming up with a single decision, which is perceived to be more suitable. In real sense, synergetic model entails a joint effort or a group activity, which might perhaps ignite a response. This would possibility lead to suitable decision-making process in an organization.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The decision made should be superior to that of an individual. In the police service, this type of decision-making model has encouraged employees to work together, as a team. Some scholars observe that the model empowers experts in the criminal justice occupation. Furthermore, the model would promote an improved working atmosphere. Some experts have found out through research that the model builds trust among the organizational members because of delegation of duties. Synergetic model has two major parts. One of the parts is the problem resolution and the other is interpersonal relations part. The model suggests that all officers in various ranks within the police service should delay their decisions until all ideas are analyzed. In this regard, a police officer in any rank is not supposed to comment on an event until all other facts have been evaluated. Therefore, it is the role of each officer to come up with a proposal knowing that his or her idea is subject to evaluation. The first part of the model, which is the problem solving part, is meant to help police officers to slow down their decision-making processes. This means that they have to wait for the findings of other officers before concluding on their findings. In this case, the model suggests that members of the police service must come up with a technique through which questions would be asked to members of the pub lic. The officers would then proceed to analyze the answers provided by members of the public. The generated data should be viewed from various perspectives. During the process of analysis, each member should note down the objectives. This would be of value since it would help the officers to remain focused on the task. After analysis, members are expected to come up with a single verdict upon which a course of action would be developed. However, some scholars note that this model is not viable since it is hard to implement it. In some occasions, members would generate two decisions. Each member would try to implement the decision that seems appropriate to him or her.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Decision-Making Process of the Police Service specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, in most cases, it is expected that organizational members come up a single decision. In this case, members are urged to sing le out some of the obstacles that might interfere with the implementation of the collective decision. As such, members are urged to develop some mechanisms that would help them counter the obstacles. The last section, which is the interpersonal process part, consists of paying attention, clarification of points, supporting each other, and building trust. Moreover, confronting each other and differing in terms of opinion are acceptable values within this model. Listening is the main factor since it would help determine the success of the organization. Steps in the Criminal Justice Process The first step in making decisions in the criminal justice organization pertains to investigation of a crime. The police would set out to collect some critical information, which would be used as evidence against a suspect. The collected information is very important since it would be used to identify a suspect, as well as arrest him or her. In many parts of the world, including the US, investigatio ns would include searching the premises occupied by the suspect. Other forms of searches comprise of exploratory assessment of an individual and examination of material goods. Probable cause is generally considered a typical proof that justifies the searching of an individual. Probable cause is a term used to imply prior information exists indicating that a crime took place in a particular area. The second step in the process is arresting an individual who is suspected to have engaged in crime. Arrest in this case means handing over an individual to the security agencies for questioning. Probable cause is the only officially permitted rule that would force the police to seize an individual. Probable cause means an individual is possibly linked to a certain crime (Cordner, Scarborough, 2010). The third process in the criminal justice organization is prosecution. This implies the district attorney is supposed to issue a verdict regarding the criminality of the offense. As a consequen t, prosecutors are supposed to evaluate the crime by considering many factors before arriving at a conclusion.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, the seriousness of the offense is usually considered before issuing a verdict. Another step, which is step four, is the indictment of the suspect by the jury. If not indicted, the suspect could perhaps be allowed to â€Å"fill information† under the supervision of the prosecutor. In the US, under federal rules, a jury is expected to indict a suspect in case the crime is considered capital offense. In other cases that are punishable through imprisonment, the prosecutor may indict either a suspect or â€Å"fill information† (Cohen, Reaves, 2006). In the fifth step, which is crucial for both the accused and the accuser, the plaintiff is arraigned in court. The defendant is expected to show up in court and present a petition. In many cases, the appeals that are presented to the jury would determine whether an individual is guilty or not. The sixth step is the pretrial detention or the bail stage. The accused might be detained temporarily while awaiting full trial. In the US, only the poor are detained temporarily. The rich would definitely pay an amount to buy the freedom of the accused provisionally. The amount paid would be a sign of commitment showing that the accused would show up in court when called upon to do so. The seventh step in criminal justice is the appeal negotiation phase where the defense lawyer and the prosecutor come into terms over the techniques to be used in tackling the case. In many cases, the accused would plead guilty so that his or her punishment would be reduced. The eighth step in the process of decision making in the criminal justice is trial. The process is also referred to as adjudication of guilt (Aos, Miller, Drake, 2006). This takes place in the presence of a prosecutor, jury, and the defense attorney. Similarly, the trial must be held before a jury. For the accused to be declared guilty there must be enough evidence. This is popularly referred to as guilt beyond reasonable doubt. This means that the accuser should be less than one hundred percent sure but have a higher probability as regards to the commitment of the crime or felony. The accused is definitely acquitted in case there is doubt of reason. The second last step, which is the ninth step, is the sentencing of the accused. This is only done when the accused is found to have committed the crime. In the US, the likely sentences would include payment of fine, audition, and imprisonment. The last step is the appeal phase whereby the accused could perhaps request the court to try him or her once more (Bazemore, Schiff, 2004). Petitions are frequently filed by lawyers of the court of appeal and would be heard by the adjudicators of the court of appeal only. References Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J. (2007). Risk-need-responsively model for offender assessment and rehabilitation. Ottawa: Public Safety Canada. Aos, S., Miller, M., Drake, E. (2006). Evidence-based public policy options to reduce future prison construction, crimina l justice costs, and crime rates. Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy. Bazemore, G., Schiff, M. (2004). Juvenile justice reform and restorative justice: Building theory and policy from practice. Portland, OR: Willan Publishing. Cohen, T. H., Reaves, B. A. (2006). Felony defendants in large urban counties, 2002. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Cordner, G. W., Scarborough, K. E. (2010). Police administration (7th ed.). Newark, NJ: LexisNexis/Anderson Publishing. This essay on The Decision-Making Process of the Police Service was written and submitted by user Bradley Compton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. The Decision