The Discovery Of Radiation Therapy Essay - 1254 Words

Radiation Therapy Diana Salazar RAD: 211 Mrs. Evelyn Grove Fayetteville Technical Community College Radiation Therapy Radiation therapy is the use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors (National Cancer Institute, 2016). One of the main purposes of radiation is to preserve the normal cells while killing the cancer cells. To fully understand the importance of radiation therapy it is imperative to understand its discovery. The discovery of radioactivity is attributed to Henri Becquerel in Paris. His discovery was purely accidental, as most discoveries are, while attempting an experiment that utilized the sun, uranium, and photographic plates. On 26-27 February 1896, Henri Becquerel took the uranium and photographic plates wrapped in black paper to initiate his experiment by placing them in the path of sun light, but to his misfortune it was overcast both days. Thinking that his experiment was a failure, Becquerel decided to develop the photographic plates and found that uranium did not need the sun’s rays to emit radiation due to its own radioactive properties, thus discovering radioactivity. The actual term â€Å"radioactivity† was coined by Marie Curie, a Polish born physicist, who along with her husband had been studying the phenomenon that was discovered by Becquerel (Lawrence Berkely National Lab, 2000). The use of radiation for medical treatment came very early on afterShow MoreRelatedEssay on Understanding Radiation Therapy, Its Safety and Development1520 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: Radiation therapy is the utilization of radiation in order to treat diseases like cancer as well as to detect other ailments that someone may have. Since the development of radiation therapy many advancements have been made both to the process of using radiation itself, which in turn increased its effectiveness for medical use, and to the study of other possible uses for radiation. The concepts behind radiation therapy are not overly complicated, but they are still revolutionary ideasRead MoreRadiation Therapy As A Treatment For Cancer1173 Words   |  5 Pagesthese cancer patients will undergo the use of radiation as a means for treating cancer at some point during the course of their disease (Perez and Brady, 1998). Cancer, a disease caused by an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells, affects millions of people around the world. Radiotherapy is one of the well known various methods used to treat cancer, where high powered rays are aimed directly at the tumor from the outside of the body as external radiation or an instrument is surgically placed insideRead MoreRadiation therapy is an important practice in a lot of hospital and clinics many people are not1200 Words   |  5 Pages Radiation therapy is an important practice in a lot of hospital and clinics many people are not aware of. It is also known as Radiation Oncology, and it is for the treatment of cancer by using beams of high-energy waves called radiation as the UI Cancer Information Services defined it. Radiation therapy plays important role in helping cure cancer. Radiation therapy is given to cancer patients in order to kill the cancer cells or it may slower the growth of cancer cells (UI Cancer Information ServicesRead MoreEssay on How Cancer Effects the Cells, the Body, and their Offspring918 Words   |  4 Pages Most cancers actually start from random mutations that develop in the cells during ones lifetime (www.cancer.gov). Mutations can develop as a mistake when cells are going through cell division. They can also develop in response to radiation or chemicals in the environment around the body. Acquired mutations are changes in DNA that develop throughout a persons lifetime. Now, the reason why most people in the world do not have cancer is because our cells are able to fix theRead MoreCancer : The Common Forms Of Disease Worldwide982 Words   |  4 Pagesdiagnosed with cancer, the person may be advised to generally undergo the following treatment options: radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, or a combination of the three therapies.2 The current issues that are associated with these treatments include low selectivity toward malignant cells, causing damage to healthy tissue and forcing the patient to experience harsh medical side effects. Radiation and chemotherapy may only partially penetrate a tumor; remaining malignant tissue will allow the cancerRead MoreRadioactive Material And Its Effects On Society1659 Words   |  7 PagesRadioactive Caves Over exposure to radioactive material is known for causing slow and painful deaths. Many equate it with decaying life, however people still willingly subject them selves to its exposure. Since radon’s discovery, there have been many different viewpoints about its power and potency. Some proclaim its amazing power to heal, while others fear its strength and destructive nature. The paradox of these very differing views about what radon really is has caused controversy and many conflictsRead MoreBenefits Of Professional Association For Radiation Therapy780 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional association for radiation therapy Purpose According to the about ASRT webpage on the ASRT website †The mission of the ASRT Foundation is to support and empower medical imaging and radiation therapy professionals and students as they pursue opportunities to enhance the quality and safety of patient care.† i believe this to be true because the ASRT foundation is a non-profit organization. Cost According to the ASRT Membership payment options webpage on the ASRT website you can â€Å"Pay YourRead MoreBiology1012 Words   |  5 Pagesthese scientists, and the relevance of their discoveries. (Answer in 500 words or less. Send to instructor) The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001 was awarded jointly to Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir Paul M. Nurse for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle. They have identified key molecules that regulate the cell cycle in all eukaryotic organisms, including yeasts, plants, animals and human. These fundamental discoveries have a great impact on all aspects of cellRead MoreRadiation Is A Type Of Energy1392 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Radiation is a type of energy that occurs naturally, and can be manmade. Radiation is always around us. Microwaves, computers and cellphones give off radiation. There are many other ways to get radiation as radiation therapy for cancer. Radiation travels in the form of waves or particles, depending on the type. Radioactive substances give off their energy over time, ranging from a fraction of a second to thousands of years. The period of time in which a radioactive substanceRead MoreRole of Gluthathione Pathway in Discovering Anticancer Compound793 Words   |  3 Pagescarcinogens and radiation which they are not aware in this modern society. Less plant is available in the concrete city which is important in purifying the air we breathe and this leads to the increase risk of getting lung cancer. For the declining rate of mortality of cancer patients, it can be explained by the more sophisticated technology nowadays in treating cancer. This includes combination of chemot herapy, the approval of cancer prevention vaccines by the US FDA, therapies that target cancer

Causes of the Great Depression Essay - 1108 Words

The United States has experienced recessions about every twenty years (give or take) since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Nothing that had happened before was quite this serious, chaotic, or as long lasting as the Great Depression. The crash was felt far beyond those on the trading floors. Speculators who borrowed money from the banks to buy their stocks could not repay the loans because they could not sell stocks, because no one else would buy them. This caused many banks to fail, and shut their doors. Since bank deposits were not insured before the 1930s, depositors’ lost their money, which in most cases was all the money that people had. The stock market crash had only deepened the course of the Great Depression in many†¦show more content†¦These foreign trade restrictions furthered the limitation for the market for American goods†¦ especially agricultural products. The downturn began very slowly, and almost invisibly. After 1927, consumer spending fell, and housing construction came to a halt. Company’s inventories started piling up, and in1928 and 1929 manufacturers began to cut back on how much they produced, and started to lay off workers. Lowered income and buying power in turn reinforced the downturn. By the summer of 1929, the economy was obviously in a recession. Though the market crash’s consequences added to the Great Depression, the longstanding flaws in America’s economy accounted for its length and cruelty. Agriculture, in particular, had never recovered from the recession of 1920-1921. Farmers faced fixed high costs for equipment/tools and mortgages acquired during the high inflationary war years. At the same time the prices began to fall because of over production, which in turn forced the farmers to default on mortgage payments and risk foreclosure on their land. Since farmers accounted for about  ¼ of the nations employed workers in 1929, their difficulties began to weaken the overall economic structure. Other industries also had experienced an economic downturn during the highly prosperous 1920s. The older industries (mining, textiles, lumbering, and shipping) faltered. Newer and more successful consumer-based industries like food processing, chemicals, appliancesShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The Great Depression1319 Words   |  6 Pageshaving classic satisfying life concluded when the Great Depression ushered in the negative trend that would impact the U.S. economy in 1929. Therefore, what happened? In this essay, we will discuss what the Great Depression was for the Americans, the causes of the Great Depression, and the U.S.’s recovery from the Great Depression. The Great Depression One of the terrifying times in the U.S. history is the Great Depression. The Great Depression is an economic phenomenon, which according to theRead MoreGreat Depression and Its Causes1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe causes of the Great Depression of the 1920s and 1930s has been argued about for generations. Most people agree on several key topics and that it was the severity and length of time the Depression lasted that was actually the most remarkable. Hoover made many noteworthy attempts to try and solve this crisis, yet in the end it was President Roosevelt and his New Deal, that brought many Americans hope for the future. The first factor in the start of the Depression was the lack of diversityRead MoreCauses of the Great Depression2012 Words   |  9 Pages The causes of the Great Depression in the early 20th century is a matter of active debate between economists. Although the popular belief is that the main cause was the crashing Stock Market in 1929 caused the Great Depression, There were other major economic events that contributed just as much as the crash, such as American’s overextension of credit, an unequal distribution of wealth, over production of goods, and a severe drop in business revenue. As these events transpired the state of economicRead More Causes of the Great Depression Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesCauses of the Great Depression Throughout the 1920’s, new industries and new methods of production led to prosperity in America. America was able to use its great supply of raw materials to produce steel, chemicals, glass, and machinery that became the foundation of an enormous boom in consumer goods (Samuelson, 2). Many US citizens invested on the stock market, speculating to make a quick profit. This great prosperity ended in October 1929. People began to fear that the boom was going toRead MoreCauses of The Great Depression Essay701 Words   |  3 Pages Imagine a society where over 25% of the population was unemployed. That is what it reached during The Great Depression (â€Å"The Great Depression†). During the depression unemployment rates were the highest they have ever been. It is highly speculated to this day on what exactly caused The Great Depression. Most historians agree it was a chain of events, one after another, that brought our country into chaos. Some events were more impact ful than others. These events caused pandemonium amongRead MoreEssay on The Causes of the Great Depression697 Words   |  3 PagesThe Causes of The Great Depression History Imagine waking up one morning, only to find out that all your investments and savings are gone. So if your bank that you invested all your money in collapsed, you didn’t get any money back. This is what happened to millions of Americans during the 1930s. This era was called the great depression. The great depression was one of the worst economy issues we have ever had in history. It was a hard time for everyone. The great depression started in 1929Read More The Cause of the Great Depression Essay552 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cause of the Great Depression The economic expansion of the 1920’s, with its increased production of goods and high profits, culminated in immense consumer speculation that collapsed with disastrous results in 1929 causing America’s Great Depression. There were a number or contributing factors to the depression, with the largest and most important one being a general loss of confidence in the American economy. The reason it escalated was a general misunderstanding of recessions byRead MoreCauses Of The Great Depression And The Great Recession2292 Words   |  10 Pages1. Examine the causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s and consider what similarities and differences can be drawn with the problems from the financial and economic crisis which began in 2008. Introduction 2007-2009 in America has often been described as the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression in 1929. There was lots of debate whether the economy was slipping back to double dip recession but there is considerable evidence that the economic crisis in 2008 is worse than the crisisRead MoreCauses of the Great Depression Essay651 Words   |  3 PagesIn the 1920s, American economy had a great time. The vast majority of Americans in 1929 foresaw a continuation of the dizzying economic growth that had taken place in most of the decade. However, the prices of stock crested in early September of 1929. The price of stock fell gradually during most of September and early October. On â€Å"Black Tuesday† 29 October 1929, the stock market fell by forty points. After that, a historically great and long economic depression started and lasted until the start ofRead More Causes of the Great Depression Essay743 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of the Great Depression The Great Depression also called Depression of 1929, or Slump of 1929, began in 1929 and lasted until 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized world. Though the United States economy had gone into depression six months earlier, the Great Depression may said to have begun with a catastrophic collapse of the stock market prices on the New York Stock Exchange in October 1929 call the Stock Market Crash of 1929.

Strengths and Weakness Free Essays

By conducting such a preliminary assessment, teams will be In a better position to instruct the most efficient and satisfying strategy for fulfilling the team’s purpose. Answer the following questions with typed responses. Each question below contains multiple subtopics. We will write a custom essay sample on Strengths and Weakness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each question, Including all subtopics, should be answered In 25-50 words. 1. What are the academic goals of each team member? What are the career goals of each team member? How do the academic goals of other members relate to their career goals? My (Tina) academic goals are to become an accountant. My goals are to get through school with a degree. I am thinking of trying to work for the government, so I can get the schooling paid for. Have good benefits and so on. My current job keeps me very motivated and the money will not be a bad thing. 2. What are the strengths of each member of the team? How have these strengths been demonstrated in the past (at work, at home, or in college)? How have each team members’ strengths contributed to the overall success of the team in accomplishing team objectives and projects. At home, my goals are to get through school and get my degree. So I am dedicated to accomplishing this task by going to the university of Phoenix. At work, I demonstrate customer service, by being on the front-line. Friendly, and compassionate and we all work towards customer satisfaction. At college, I help to get all the group members together and listen and learn. While they do the same to me. Our goal is to do well, and we all do that through trial and error. We all want to accomplish our projects on time and planned out nicely, and in a timely manner. 3. What are the weaknesses of each member of the team? How have these weaknesses been demonstrated in the past (at work, at home, or in college)? How have the team members worked together to overcome Individual member’s weaknesses to help team members and the team become successful? I believe my weakness Is taking charge or being the facilitator. I also, have trouble following some of the concepts of the projects assigned. My group helps me out by Glenn me stories of examples that relate to the Ideas of the projects. 4. What are the technology skills of each member of the team regarding operating systems, software, etc? What technology Is available to each team member on systems at home or at work)? How will team members address technology needs to meet the objectives for the team successfully? I am not a guru In the computer Industry, however, I have learned by leaps and bounds lust from doing schoolwork. As, with Word, and Power Point and it has been a do the team goals relate to the individual goals? What quality of academic work are the team members committed to and how will this quality be demonstrated in teamwork when writing papers and preparing for presentations? How to cite Strengths and Weakness, Papers

Internet of Things and Smart City Paradigm

Question: Discuss about the Internet of Things and Smart City Paradigm. Answer: Introduction The city has indeed transformed in the past 100 years, from the industrial city to the service city, to the modern metropolis with several services and facilities. This transformation has also led to people envisioning the kind of city that they would want to live in and how life should be in these modern cities. In comes the concept or paradigm of the smart city; a smart city is a city that has things and facilities within its ecology that are intrinsically smart and are capable of harmoniously working with the other things and facilities that may be considered smart as well. For the things and facilities to smartly work in harmony among each other and with others, they must have a seamless means of communication (Hunt et al., 2015). Communications among things is becoming increasingly possible, thanks to the IoT (Internet of things) concept. IoT is a fairly recent paradigm in the field of communications in which a future where everyday objects in life, from fridges to cars and even supermarket aisles will have transceivers, micro-controllers, fitting protocol stacks, and circuits to enable them communicate with each other is envisioned. These devices will communicate seamlessly with each other and their users and become an integral part of the Internet. The IoT is the framework that can make the smart city paradigm possible, making it easy to know which roads have the most traffic, the nearest health center, and where less power is being used at what time so planners can route power and even Internet traffic resources to areas where it is most needed (Atzori, Iera and Morabito, 2010). This paper discusses the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm; it will discuss its historical development over the years, the present areas of research focus and what has been discovered so far. The paper will also delve into the key questions on the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm that is fueling research and the methodologies and methods being employed in their research and the main findings from such research. The paper will then make a conclusion and propose areas where future research can be done. This paper is a literature survey where only scholarly sources will be used in evaluating, discussing, summarizing, and condensing the findings into brief but informative topics concerning the articles used. Indeed, as the world has become more interconnected, new challenges have arisen; there are too may vehicles on the road while technology and electronics permeate almost all areas of life. This has created new challenges, such as energy consumption, green house gas emissions, and other challenges such as congestion and stretched public resources. This paper will make a contribution to the existing body of knowledge in this nascent concept, increase the understanding of the concept and create greater interest in research with the aim of making it a reality and moving civilization forward towards a more smart city with smart living; where for instance, medical providers can monitor the key health indicators for an elderly person living alone to provide better health care. Historical background of the IoT and the Smart City paradigm The concept of the smart city goes way back in history, where terms such as the know-how city were used. After the Second World War, there was an increase in the know-how and faith in machines which partly translated into increased interest in computers helping in social analyses. Grants by the Federal Government of the USA during the cold war and presence of main frame computers helped increase this interest. Architects, city planners, and social scientists were particularly interested in how computers could be used in analyzing and developing public policy. In the 1950s, the Los Angeles city departments of building, planning, and safety mocked computer punch cards for a system they envisioned would help in tracking and analyzing all pieces of property in Los Angeles (Vallianatos, 2013). The city submitted a funding proposal for a Metropolitan Area fact bank where electronic and electro mechanical data processing systems were to be used in accomplishing every day service rendering t asks; it used three solid state computers for the task. In 1967, a community area analysis bureau was launched in LA; it performed community analysis tasks to avoid obsoleteness. The bureau aimed at eliminating the threat of alums and improving sanitation, using computer aided analysis. By 1974, the community bureau analysis proposed a cluster analysis method that allowed data to propose its own natural grouping such that, for example, it was able to identify city sections that were physically far from each other but shared important physical and social characteristics. The data was stored in databases and used cluster analysis methods (Vallianatos, 2013). The 1970s saw increased use of aerial photography for analysis an planning. Transportation systems are planned based on data gathered using various computer aided methods, as is traffic management and housing development. Presently, new technologies such as IoT has created greater opportunities for realizing the complete smart cit y paradigm. Present research on the present research: Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm have focused on the area of standards and interoperability. Just like in other emergent technologies, for instance, during the development of DVD and VHS tape standards, different manufacturers and players had their different standards. The same is true for the IoT, the platform in which the smart city paradigms functionality is based upon. For the smart city dream to be achieved, devices must be able to communicate seamlessly and inter-operably with other devices and communications channels run by other manufacturers. Presently, key players in the industry, including IBM, Cisco, and Intel, all have their own standards for communication for the IoT. First, there are legal technicalities and issues that must be addressed and the issue of a uniform standard also be addressed. The global acceptance of the present research: Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm and its realization greatl y depend upon the standard that will be widely accepted. There are various other emergent technologies and underlying standards that will affect it and need to be considered, including $ and 5 G technologies, and ZigBe and Wi-Fi (Muhic and Hodzic, 2014). Other areas of research relates to its economic and social benefits under the context of context specific data as the system already has many sensors installed and these generate volumes of data in different raw formats; understanding this data is only possible while value is added to it in a contextual framework (Perera et al., 2014). Research is also rife in the areas of loud computing and its role in advancing the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm and how the needs of end users can better be captured and taken care of (Gubbi et al., 2013). The architecture of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm is also a major topic and area of present research where the information framework that will actualize the concept is being researched on (Jin et al., 2014), (Gubbi et al., 2013), as are issues of privacy and security; the system will involve a lot of interconnectivity and data generation, including health data, and so security becomes a natural issue and top ic of research (Roman, Zhou and Lopez, 2013), (Ziegeldorf, Morchon and Wehrle, 2013), (Madakam, 2015). Present Findings on Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm The Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm, research has established, is a promising platform that will greatly impact the Internet of the future and completely change how resources and people are managed. For instance, sensing has been touted as a service model for enhancing and making real the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm (Perera et al., 2013). Research has established that the IoT will incorporate seamlessly and transparently a large number of heterogeneous and different end systems while also offering open access to select data subsets upon which several digital services can be developed (Zanella et al., 2014). Already, the possibilities for the application and use of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm are many, from monitoring patients, monitoring fleets, to getting weather data and military applications to knowing when to make replenishments in the home fridge; its applications and possibilities remain limitless (Vermesan and Frie ss, 2016). Some of the findings from research delve on everyday applications where the concept of citizen data sharing and wearables in the smart cities paradigm based on the IoT platform is now a reality. A petty offenders movement can be tracked by law enforcement officers in real time as is the whereabouts of children and teenagers to help keep them safe. Applications have been developed to track personal items, including keys and luggage, all based on the IoT platform. Research has established wide and increasing use of IoT in the smart city in the area of surveillance and security. Surveillance cameras help in street patrolling and have been used to help solve crimes such as the Boston marathon bombing and the British underground train attacks (Vermesan and Friess, 2016), (Brooks, 2015). Principal Questions being asked on Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm Some of the leading research questions evolve around the issue of how vendor locking in the Internet of Things (IoT) and Smart City Paradigm can be overcome (Botta et al., 2015), (Roman, Zhou and Lopez, 2013) Another question in the present research focus is on how developer lock-in can be overcome with regard to the IoT and the Smart city paradigm (Distefano, 2015), (Hui, Sherratt and Snchez, 2016) Another research question is how real people needs can be met and how infrastructure for new business cases can be shared for IoT and the Smart City paradigm (Botta et al., 2015), (Hui, Sherratt and Snchez, 2016) Questions researchers are asking also include the social and economic benefits of the Smart City, and the implications for security and privacy (Zanella et al., 2014), (Roman, Zhou and Lopez, 2013), (Perera et al., 2013) Methodologies and methods in use The present research use qualitative analytical methods in which present trends are evaluated as well as research by other authors. Most of the research being undertaken in the fields of cloud computing entail using case studies, undertaking deductive and analytical research that mainly rely on reviewing literature and findings from other researches. Analytical reviews has been a dominant method for conducting research by present researchers where literature and primary research as well as trends are reviewed; in a few cases, case studies involving primary data collections have been done. Conclusions The last century has seen the transformation of the city from the industrial city to a service city, to the present modern city. By 2020, half the world population will live in cities creating pressure on resources and infrastructure. A smart city is one with facilities and things that are smart and can harmoniously communicate with similar devices and facilities. The communication is possible through the IoT concept where tiny devices can send and receive communication and data, in an interconnected world. The term smart city can be compared to the know-how concept following the second world war and was developed into a city planning, management, and social monitoring framework by the City of Los Angeles in the 50s and 60s, culminating in the formation of a community area analysis bureau. Aerial photography was used in the 70s for better urban planning. The Internet and mobile telephony brought new perspectives, forming the foundations for the IoT smart cities paradigm. Present research has focused on standards and interoperability, legal technicalities, the economic and social benefits of IoTfor smart cities under the context of context specific data, the architecture of the IoT,privacy and security. Research findings have established the wearables, information sharing, security applications, and weather and climate as potent and practical applications of the IoT smart city paradigm already in use. Most researchers undertook qualitative studies involving analytical reviews. Research questions include how vendor and developer lock-in challenges can be solved, how real people needs can be met, and the social and economic benefits of the Smart City Future Research Directions Future research should focus on interoperability of IoT smart city considering there will be many players with different standards, means for faster network communications for devices, managing raw data, and guaranteeing privacy and security of data as well as data storage and how the cloud can be incorporated into it. Research should also focus on artificial intelligence in the backdrop of IoT for smart cities paradigm. References Atzori, L., Iera, A. and Morabito, G. (2010). The Internet of Things: A survey. Journal of Computer Networks, [online] p.2. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luigi_Atzori2/publication/222571757_The_Internet_of_Things_A_Survey/links/546b36df0cf2f5eb180914e5.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec. 2016]. Botta, A., de Donato, W., Persico, v. and Pescape, A. (2015). Integration of Cloud Computing and Internet of Things: a Survey. [online] University of Napoli Federico II (Italy). Available at: https://wpage.unina.it/valerio.persico/pubs/CloudIoT_FGCS.pdf [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. Distefano, M. (2015). Cloud Computing and the Internet of Things: Service Architectures for Data Analysis and Management. 1st ed. [ebook] Pisa: University Of Pisa Department Of Computer Science, pp.2, 9. Available at: https://www.di.unipi.it/Documents/didattica/PhD/VerificheEsami/2016/Proposte/Distefano.pdf [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. Gubbi, J., Buyya, R., Marusic, S. and Palaniswami, M. (2013). Internet of Things (IoT): A vision, architectural elements, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, [online] 29(7), pp.1645-1660. Available at: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1207/1207.0203.pdf [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Hui, T., Sherratt, R. and Snchez, D. (2016). Major requirements for building Smart Homes in Smart Cities based on Internet of Things technologies. Future Generation Computer Systems. Hunt, N., OHare, G., Wan, J., Rowlands, T., Kroon, B., Muldoon, C. and O Grady, M. (2015). Citizen Science: A Learning Paradigm for the Smart City?. Interaction Design and Architecture(s) Journal, [online] 1(27), pp.28-43. Available at: https://www.mifav.uniroma2.it/inevent/events/idea2010/doc/27_3.pdf [Accessed 17 Dec. 2016]. Jin, J., Gubbi, J., Marusic, S. and Palaniswami, M. (2014). An Information Framework for Creating a Smart City Through Internet of Things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, [online] 1(2), pp.112-121. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4851/fa729df5c475d80713f66f763105284f3ef1.pdf [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Madakam, S. (2015). Internet of Things: Smart Things. International Journal of Future Computer and Communication, 4(4), pp.250-253. Muhic, I. and Hodzic, M. (2014). Internet of Things: Current Technological Review. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN), 2(2), pp.1-7. Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P. and Georgakopoulos, D. (2014). Context Aware Computing for The Internet of Things: A Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials, [online] 16(1), pp.414-454. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1305.0982.pdf [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P. and Georgakopoulos, D. (2013). Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by Internet of Things. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, [online] 25(1), pp.81-93. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1307.8198.pdf [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Roman, R., Zhou, J. and Lopez, J. (2013). On the features and challenges of security and privacy in distributed internet of things. Computer Networks, [online] 57(10), pp.2266-2279. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e68f/870a297a04ee0b47fe7dea0555dbc42b55e7.pdf [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Vermesan, O. and Friess, P. (2016). Rive r Publishers Internet of Things From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment. 1st ed. [ebook] Aalborg: River Publishers, pp.1-3. Available at: https://www.internet-of-things-research.eu/pdf/IoT-From%20Research%20and%20Innovation%20to%20Market%20Deployment_IERC_Cluster_eBook_978-87-93102-95-8_P.pdf [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. Vallianatos, M. (2013). Uncovering the Early History of Big Data and the Smart City in Los Angeles. [online] Boom California. Available at: https://boomcalifornia.com/2015/06/16/uncovering-the-early-history-of-big-data-and-the-smart-city-in-la/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2016]. Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L. and Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of Things for Smart Cities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, [online] 1(1), pp.22-32. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=6740844 [Accessed 18 Dec. 2016]. Ziegeldorf, J., Morchon, O. and Wehrle, K. (2013). Privacy in the Internet of Things: threats and challenges. Security and Communication Networks, 7(12), pp.2728-2742.